The energy usage of datacentres, particularly for AI applications, has been covered extensively – and for good reason. AI consumes more power and runs hotter than standard computing loads. In 2022, the IEA reported that the total power used by datacentres, including for AI and cryptocurrency, was around 460TWh.
Although estimates see this power usage potentially grow to 945TWh by 2030, electric vehicles are predicted to consume around 780TWh by 2030, to put this in context. When we look at AI specifically, Schneider Electric has estimated that AI’s share of this power consumption is currently around 8% and may grow to 15-20% by 2028.
These estimates are still prone to be too high. Koomey’s Law tells us that over time, we see greater efficiencies in computing – or specifically, that the number of calculations per unit of energy increase over time. For example, between 2010 and 2018, the amount of computing being done in datacentres increased by over 500%, but the amount of energy being used only increased by 6%.
However, although the amount of energy used by AI is considerable, it can also return the favour.
AI: Water and Chips with that?
AI’s contribution to human endeavor is already significant. Perhaps the most high-profile example is AlphaFold, which helps us predict protein structures, improving drug discovery and our understanding of diseases.
But we’ve seen many other applications, including improving chili yields in India, reducing conflict between humans and snow leopards, or supporting better risk modelling for insurance companies.
AI lives in the cloud, so the most logical place to use AI to reduce water usage is the datacentre. Datacentres have historically been cooled with air conditioning. With AI’s workloads, cloud companies are rapidly realizing that air is insufficient, and the future will revolve around using liquid cooling.
The reason for this is simple: the thermal conductivity of water is about 23 times better than air, and when you consider additional factors like flow rate, water’s volumetric heat capacity is over 3000 times better than air when used in an industrial setting.
On this basis alone, it’s a no-brainer to use water to cool technology infrastructure. Better conductivity means more power efficiency, and ultimately, less power used to remove more heat.
And we’re still seeing innovation in this field. Historically, cloud companies and gamers alike have attached plates to CPUs (and often, GPUs) and used water to remove the heat. This is known as direct liquid to chip cooling.
We are now starting to see immersive cooling techniques emerge, where the entire server is immersed in fluid. Although this has a number of implications for unit maintenance, servers immersed in fluid are not only more power-efficient, but it also eliminates dust from units, improving component lifespans.
So how do we use AI to further improve this efficiency?
Air, water and changing priorities
AI’s core strength lies in pattern recognition, analysing complex data sets and finding links. Most servers have the ability to measure their own workloads and temperatures, and this data can be fed back to data lakes where AI systems can learn how to optimise cooling and power requirements.
However, sensors can also be put on the servers themselves, measuring water flow and consequently obtaining more information about a server’s temperature and cooling requirements.
It’s important to remember that cloud servers don’t exist in isolation. Local weather affects cooling: many datacentres use ‘free air cooling’ and use ambient temperature to cool the servers – this is more effective in Iceland than in Florida, for example. At the same time, most datacentres use dry coolers outside to do evaporative cooling – but this is less effective in areas of high humidity.
Balancing these equations is where AI excels. AI can analyse not only the temperature and power consumption of the servers, but also the environment around them, including data from weather stations. This helps to react to local conditions, but also to predict them and streamline water usage now and in the future.
Conversely, the datacentre may not be in an area of water scarcity, in which case, AI can be tailored to optimise the server performance or the power usage of the pumps and other equipment. Datacentres in urban areas may prioritise noise reduction to avoid disturbing local residents – which AI can also help with, optimising systems to decrease volume from mechanical operations.
Self-optimising technologies
The technology industry is always moving forwards, and although the AI industry has seen a considerable amount of backlash, it also has considerable potential to improve our lives and the world around us. However, we should always have sustainability in mind, considering how to provide for today’s needs while still safeguarding the world of tomorrow.
This does require a complex conjunction of worlds: AI needs data to operate, which means using a combination of IoT and industrial expertise alongside data analysis techniques. But with the right skills, vision and commitment, we can not only benefit from AI directly, but also use it to streamline its own resource consumption, driving a self-improving virtuous circle.
